GEOGRAPHY QUESTION BANK

World geography 1 The Universe and the Solar System 1 The Universe 1 The Solar System 1 Earth and its Properties 8 Geomagnetism 18 Origin of the Earth 19 Theories for the Origin of Earth 19 Structure of the Earth?s Interior 20 Sources on the Interior 20 Chemical Composition and Layering System of the Earth 20 Different Layers of the Earth 22 Continents and Ocean Basins 23 Continental Drift Theory 23 Plate Tectonic Theory 24 Seafl oor Spreading 25 Other Theories 26 Earth?s Movements 26 Endogenic Forces 26 Exogenetic Forces 27 Rocks 27 Classifi cation of Rocks 28 Igneous Rocks 30 Sedimentary Rocks 30 Metamorphic Rocks 31 Rocks in India 32 Vulcanicity and Volcanoes 35 Concept of Vulcanicity 35 Components of Volcanoes 35 Types of Volcanoes 36 Volcanic Materials 36 Mechanism and Causes of Vulcanism 36 Effects of Volcanic Eruption 37 Distribution of Volcanoes 37 Earthquakes 38 Tsunami 42 Mountain Building 43 Classifi cation of Mountains 43 Plateau 45 Origin and Evolution of Plateau 45 Lakes 45 Characteristic Features of Lakes 45 Weathering and Mass Movement 46 Factors Controlling Weathering 46 Geomorphic Importance of Weathering 47 Mass Movements 47 Drainage Systems and Patterns 48 Drainage Patterns 48 Running Water (Rivers) and Fluvial Landforms 48 Meaning 48 Erosional Work of Rivers 48 Erosional Landforms 49 Depositional Landforms 51 Delta 52 Groundwater and Karst Topography 53 Limestone Topography 53 Erosional Landforms 55 Sea Waves and Coastal Landforms 55 Erosional Landforms 55 Depositional Landforms 56 Wind and Aeolian Landforms 56 Erosional Landforms 56 Depositional Landforms 57 Glaciers and Glaciated Topography 58 Ice and Related Phenomena 58 Movements of Glaciers 58 Erosional Landforms 59 Depositional Landforms 60 Climatology 60 Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere 61 Composition of the Atmosphere 61 Structure of the Atmosphere 63 Elements of Weather and Climate 65 Insolation and Heat Budget 66 Mechanism of Solar Radiation 66 Distribution of Insolation 67 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Insolation 68 Heat Budget and the Atmosphere 68 Temperature 69 Mean Temperature 69 Distribution of Temperature 69 Controlling Factors 70 Inversion of Temperature 71 Air Pressure and Atmospheric Circulation 71 Distribution of Air Pressure and Pressure Belts 71 Shifting of Pressure Belts 72 Pressure Gradient and Air Circulation 72 Wind Direction and Related Laws 73 Tricellular Meridional Circulation of the Atmosphere 75 Classification of Winds 75 Humidity and Precipitation 81 Water Vapour and Evaporation,Latent Heat 81 Humidity 81 Types of Humidity 82 Clouds and Classification of Clouds 82 Rainfall and Origin 83 Global Distribution of Rainfall 83 Rainfall Regime 85 Other Forms of Precipitation 85 Cyclones and Temperate Cyclones 86 Types, Shape, Size and Velocity of Temperature Cyclones 86 Wind System, Temperature 86 Tornado 87 Weather Conditions Associated with Temperate Cyclones 87 Origin of Tropical Cyclones 88 Distribution of Tropical Cyclones 93 Classification of Climates and Climatic Types 93 Koeppen?s Classification 94 Equatorial Rain Forest 94 Monsoon Climate 96 Savannah Climate 96 Hot Desert Climate 99 Mediterranean Climate 101 China Type 101 Steppe Climate 102 British Type of Climate 103 Taiga Type of Climate 104 Tundra 105 Wildlife 108 Oceanography 109 Reliefs of the Ocean Basins 110 Temperature and Density of Ocean Water 113 Range of Temperature 113 Distribution of Temperature 113 Density of Oceans 114 Salinity 115 Composition of Sea Water 115 Controlling Factors of Salinity 115 Distribution of Salinity 116 Significance of Salinity 116 Ocean Tides 116 Ocean Currents 118 Coral Reefs and Atolls 124 Conditions for the Growth of Coral Polyps 125 Types of Coral Reefs 126 Coral Bleaching 126 Marine Resources 126 Climate Change 128 Biogeography 130 Biosphere 130 Ecosystem of the Earth 130 Soil System 131 Agriculture 132 Agricultural Regions of the World 132 Human Geography 132 Population Patterns of the World 132 Indian geography 135 Physiography 135 Introduction 135 Himalayas, Mountain and Hill System 136 Peninsular India 148 Great Plains 153 Coastal Plains 155 Passes 157 Islands 157 Drainage 158 Drainage Pattern 158 River Basins in India 160 River Systems of Himalayan Drainage 160 Main Rivers of Peninsular India 169 River Regime 176 Types of Lakes 177 Major Lakes of India 177 Water Resources in India 178 Climate 180 Indian Monsoon 180 Jet Streams 185 El-Ni?o 187 Characteristics of Monsoon 191 Seasons in India 192 Indian Ocean Dipole 194 North-East Monsoon 195 Rainfall Distribution and Variability 195 Climatic Regions of India 196 Natural Disasters 197 Earthquakes in India 197 Vulcanicity 198 Other 198 Institutions 201 Natural Vegetation 203 Classification and Spatial Distribution of Forests 203 Important Species of Trees 211 Problems of Indian Forestry 213 Measures Taken 214 Mangroves 215 Western Ghats 218 Soils 219 Characteristics of Soil 219 Importance of Soil 221 Classification of Soils of India 221 Other Soils 227 Problems of Indian Soils 229 Soil Conservation 231 Resources 234 Natural Resources 235 Mineral Resources 235 Conventional Energy 245 Non-Conventional Energy 249 Agriculture 249 Land Utilisation 249 Characteristics and Problems 251 Determinants of Agriculture 254 Irrigation and Water Use 254 Other Revolutions 260 Cropping Patterns and Crops 260 Agroclimatic Regions of India 276 Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture 276 Transport, Communication and Trade 279 Transport 279 Communications 284 Population and Cultural Settings 284 Demographic Characteristics of India 284 Composition 286 Literacy Rate 287 Population Problems 288 Settlements 288 City and Planning 288 Human Development 289 Misc 289 Map-based questions 291 India 291 World 309